---
title: "Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: Montana campaign finance"
description: "Money reported by Ed Buttrey as a candidate for House District No. 21 in the 2022 Montana election."
type: "candidacy"
name: "Ed Buttrey"
slug: "candidacies/ed-buttrey-g232164-2022-house-district-no-21-c17136"
candidate_id: 17136
election_year: 2022
office: "House District No. 21"
party: "Republican"
person_page: "/people/ed-buttrey-g232164"
public_url: "https://tcers-public.406dc.net/profiles/candidate/17136"
data_through: "2026-09-30"
generated_at: "2026-09-30"
source: "Montana Commissioner of Political Practices (CERS)"
---


# Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: Montana campaign finance

In 2022, Ed Buttrey ran for House District No. 21 as a Republican candidate. This page holds the money reported for that candidacy only. Ed Buttrey's other candidacies are listed on [Ed Buttrey's candidate record](/people/ed-buttrey-g232164). Data through 2026-09-30.

This candidacy (House District No. 21, 2022) on the Montana campaign finance public site: https://tcers-public.406dc.net/profiles/candidate/17136

## Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: summary of money reported, data through 2026-09-30

| Figure | Amount | Lines |
|---|---|---|
| Contributions received in cash, net of refunds | $38,995.32 | 143 |
| Contributions received in cash, as filed | $40,195.32 | |
| Refunded to contributors | $1,200.00 | |
| Other receipts (not contributions) | $225.00 | 1 |
| Expenditures, net of refunds received | $39,220.32 | 44 |
| Expenditures, as filed | $40,420.32 | |
| Debts and loans still owed | $0.00 | 1 |

Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: $38,995.32 in cash contributions, net of refunds; $39,220.32 spent; $0.00 still owed. Data through 2026-09-30.

Totals above are net of refunds, and so are the largest-contributor amounts below, with the as-filed and refunded figures shown beside any row that was refunded. The line-by-line contribution rows are as filed, before any refund.

These figures are for Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022. These figures follow the same rules as the public campaign finance site, because they come from it. Only filed reports count. Money a campaign moves between its own accounts is left out, because it is not new money. The contribution figure is cash, as on the state's Cash Summary, and goods and services given in kind are reported beside it, never inside it. Refunds paid back to contributors are subtracted. Other receipts are interest, rebates and similar receipts, not donations. A debt is money still owed, not money spent, and a loan repaid in full is not listed as owed.

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: where the money came from, data through 2026-09-30

Contributions to Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022 from Montana addresses as filed: at least $30,565.00 (121 contributors). From out-of-state addresses as filed: at least $4,080.32 (15 contributors). The candidate's own money: $4,000.00. With no state on the filing: $350.00 (1 contributor). Address as reported by the filer; not verified. Amounts are net of refunds and cover every contributor, not only those listed below.

| Where from | Amount, net of refunds | Contributors |
|---|---|---|
| Montana addresses as filed | $30,565.00 | 121 |
| Out-of-state addresses as filed | $4,080.32 | 15 |
| The candidate's own money | $4,000.00 | 1 |
| No state on the filing | $350.00 | 1 |

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: money by year, data through 2026-09-30

| Year | Contributions, net of refunds | In-kind | Spent | Still owed | Contribution lines |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | $1,540.00 | $0.00 | $30.00 | $0.00 | 5 |
| 2022 | $37,455.32 | $0.00 | $39,190.32 | $0.00 | 138 |

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: largest contributors, rows 1 to 25 of 50, data through 2026-09-30

| Contributor | From | Given, net of refunds | Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: largest contributors, rows 1 to 25 of 50, data through 2026-09-30 |  |  |  |
| Ed Buttrey *(the candidate's own money)* | Great Falls, MT | $4,000.00 | 1 |
| Brad Watson | Great Falls, MT | $600.00 | 2 |
| Barb Watson | Great Falls, MT | $600.00 | 2 |
| LIFE POINT HEALTH PAC | Brentwood, TN | $450.00 | 2 |
| PAC 66 (Phillips 66 Political Action Committee) | Washington, DC | $430.32 | 2 |
| John Hayes | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Joan Buttrey | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| JASON PRIEST | Red Lodge, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Joe Vincent | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Altria Group Inc., Political Action Committee | Washington, DC | $400.00 | 1 |
| Anna Doran | Helena, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| MTA Hospitality Pac | Helena, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Rob Brandt | White Sulpher Springs, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Casey Buckingham | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Tanya Cameron | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Forrest Ehlinger | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| David Cameron | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Tom Heisler | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Scott Boulanger | Missoula, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Elaine Taylor | Clancy, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Northwestern Energy | Missoula, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Weyerhaeuser Company PAC | Seattle, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Billy Heisler | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Kelsi Heisler | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| James Kenneally | Butte, MT | $400.00 | 1 |

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: largest contributors, rows 26 to 50 of 50, data through 2026-09-30

| Contributor | From | Given, net of refunds | Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: largest contributors, rows 26 to 50 of 50, data through 2026-09-30 |  |  |  |
| Heidi Schmalz | Billilngs, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Steven Arntzen | Billings, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| David Sabey | Tukwila, WA | $400.00 | 1 |
| Daniel Kenneally | Butte, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| BNSF | Fort Worth, TX | $400.00 | 1 |
| John Goodnow | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Thomas Kenneally | Butte, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| John Iverson | Helena, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Francis Cote | Helena, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Mary Jane Heisler | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Mark Taylor | Montana City, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Richard Rasmussen | Helena, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Mha PAC State Fund PAC | Helena, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Melissa Lewis | Helena, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Tom Heisler | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| David Henry | Havre, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Cigna Corp Employees PAC | Philadelphia, PA | $400.00 | 1 |
| MONTANA REALTORS PAC | Helena, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Bruce Spencer | Clancy, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Mark and Jennier Baker | Helena, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Todd Clark | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Christa Liscom | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| GREG TIERNEY | GREAT FALLS, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Elizabeth Whiting | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |
| Raylee Maddox | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 | 1 |

The 50 largest of 138 contributors are shown.

A candidate may put unlimited personal money into their own campaign in Montana. Self-funding is not a limit breach and is marked above only so it is not misread as an outside donation.

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: largest payments made, rows 1 to 25 of 29, data through 2026-09-30

| Paid to | Total | Payments |
|---|---|---|
| Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: largest payments made, rows 1 to 25 of 29, data through 2026-09-30 |  |  |
| The Lamar Companies | $9,690.00 | 2 |
| KRTV | $8,440.50 | 2 |
| Townsquare Media | $6,083.00 | 1 |
| Cascade County Republican Central Committee | $2,500.00 | 1 |
| KTGF | $2,060.00 | 2 |
| Montana Republican Legislative Campaign Committee | $1,323.62 | 1 |
| SAGE ADVERTISING | $676.30 | 1 |
| Advanced Litho Printing - Great Falls | $675.00 | 2 |
| Great Falls Bench Ads | $600.00 | 5 |
| Rebecca Mapston | $400.00 | 1 |
| Mike Yakawich | $400.00 | 1 |
| Mallerie Stromswold | $400.00 | 1 |
| Sherry Essmann | $400.00 | 1 |
| Courtenay Sprunger | $400.00 | 1 |
| Greg Kmetz | $400.00 | 1 |
| Jodee Etchart | $400.00 | 1 |
| Zack Gambill | $250.00 | 1 |
| Wendy McKamey | $200.00 | 1 |
| Roger Hagan | $200.00 | 1 |
| Julie Dooling | $200.00 | 1 |
| Godaddy | $191.88 | 1 |
| Fred Anderson | $150.00 | 1 |
| Steve Fitzpatrick | $100.00 | 1 |
| Ross Fitzgerald | $100.00 | 1 |
| USPS | $58.00 | 1 |

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: largest payments made, rows 26 to 29 of 29, data through 2026-09-30

| Paid to | Total | Payments |
|---|---|---|
| Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: largest payments made, rows 26 to 29 of 29, data through 2026-09-30 |  |  |
| Town Pump | $44.96 | 1 |
| Us Bank | $41.80 | 6 |
| PayPal, Inc. | $20.26 | 2 |
| Montana Secretary of State | $15.00 | 1 |

Every contribution, itemized from $1 up, as filed, from filed reports. These are the gross contribution lines. A refund is a separate payment and does not appear here.

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 1 to 25 of 143, data through 2026-09-30

| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 1 to 25 of 143, data through 2026-09-30 |  |  |  |
| 2021-09-13 | Health Care Service Corp Employees PAC | Helena, MT | $180.00 |
| 2021-09-23 | John Doran | Helena, MT | $360.00 |
| 2021-11-09 | Cigna Corp Employees PAC | Philadelphia, PA | $400.00 |
| 2021-12-07 | Deloitte Political Action Committee | Washington, DC | $200.00 |
| 2021-12-24 | Altria Group Inc., Political Action Committee | Washington, DC | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-04 | Ed Buttrey | Great Falls, MT | $4,000.00 |
| 2022-02-15 | William Bourret | Great Falls, MT | $125.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Matt Molen | Great Falls, MT | $20.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Billy Heisler | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Kelsi Heisler | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Tom Heisler | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Tom Heisler | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Mary Jane Heisler | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Louie Molen | Great Falls, MT | $20.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | John Hayes | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Shauna Helfert |  | $250.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Fred Anderson | Great Falls, MT | $150.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Dennis Higbee | Great Falls, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Joe McKenney | Great Falls, MT | $50.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Steve Fitzpatrick | Great Falls, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | John Iverson | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Ross Fitzgerald | FAIRFIELD, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Todd Clark | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Arron Liscom | Great Falls, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Christa Liscom | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 26 to 50 of 143, data through 2026-09-30

| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 26 to 50 of 143, data through 2026-09-30 |  |  |  |
| 2022-02-16 | Raylee Maddox | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Brad Watson | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Barb Watson | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | Brian Hoven | Great Falls, MT | $300.00 |
| 2022-02-16 | James Noble | Black Eagle, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | Mha PAC State Fund PAC | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | John Goodnow | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | Marilyn Rose | Great Falls, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | Elizabeth Whiting | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | David Richards | Great Falls, MT | $180.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | Forrest Ehlinger | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | Casey Buckingham | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | David Krebs | Great Falls, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | GREG TIERNEY | GREAT FALLS, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | Debra Ammondson | Great Falls, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | Brad Garpestad | Great Falls, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | David Cameron | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | Tanya Cameron | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | Melchisedek Margaris | Great Falls, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-02-20 | Paul Dolan | Great Falls, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-02-22 | Steven Arntzen | Billings, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-22 | Heidi Schmalz | Billilngs, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-23 | Don Hamilton | Great Falls, MT | $50.00 |
| 2022-02-23 | Rob Brandt | White Sulpher Springs, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-02-28 | Louie King | Choteau, MT | $200.00 |

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 51 to 75 of 143, data through 2026-09-30

| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 51 to 75 of 143, data through 2026-09-30 |  |  |  |
| 2022-02-28 | William McGregor | Great Falls, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-02-28 | Brian Loucks | Great Falls, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-03-01 | Rayn Ginnaty | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-03-02 | Julie Wall | Great Falls, MT | $50.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Jennifer Carmody | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Heidi Duncan | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | LIFE POINT HEALTH PAC | Brentwood, TN | $250.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | MONCAR Montana Automobile Dealers PAC | Helena, MT | $300.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | JASON PRIEST | Red Lodge, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Scott Boulanger | Missoula, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Bruce Spencer | Clancy, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Jon Sonju | Helena, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Roger Fleming | Bozeman, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Richard Rasmussen | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Duane Preshinger | Helena, MT | $75.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Bill (DO NOT USE) Warden | Bozeman, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Jessie Luther | Helena, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Melissa Lewis | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Mark and Jennier Baker | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Scott Sales | Helena, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Melissa Shannon | Helena, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Aimee Shanight | Helena, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Mark Taylor | Montana City, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Roger Hagan | Great Falls, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Elaine Taylor | Clancy, MT | $400.00 |

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 76 to 100 of 143, data through 2026-09-30

| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 76 to 100 of 143, data through 2026-09-30 |  |  |  |
| 2022-03-03 | Julie Dooling | Helena, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Sam Sill | Helena, MT | $75.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Richard Miltenberger | Clancy, MT | $150.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Steve Wade | Helena, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Cary Hegreberg | Townsend, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Eric Minard | Clancy, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Francis Cote | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | David Smith | Helena, MT | $180.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Stacey Anderson | Helena, MT | $50.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Anna Doran | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Jon Metropoulos | Helena, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Brent Doig | East Helena, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Priscilla Needham | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-03 | Barb Morris | Helena, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-08 | GEOFF FEISS | Helena, MT | $150.00 |
| 2022-03-21 | BRIDGER MAHLUM | Helena, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-28 | Wendy McKamey | Great Falls, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-03-28 | Joan Buttrey | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-03-28 | Lisa Buttrey | Ashland, OR | $100.00 |
| 2022-03-31 | MONTANA REALTORS PAC | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-04-11 | MTA Hospitality Pac | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-04-15 | Northwestern Energy | Missoula, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-04-19 | Republic Services Inc. Employees Better Government PAC | Phoeniz, AZ | $400.00 |
| 2022-04-20 | IFAPAC | Bozeman, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-04-27 | MT MED PAC | HELENA, MT | $300.00 |

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 101 to 125 of 143, data through 2026-09-30

| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 101 to 125 of 143, data through 2026-09-30 |  |  |  |
| 2022-04-27 | Jean Branscum | Helena, MT | $50.00 |
| 2022-05-04 | AVISTA Employees for Effective Government PAC | Spokane, WA | $100.00 |
| 2022-05-05 | Christopher Puyear | Helena, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-05-14 | Thomas Kenneally | Butte, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-05-14 | James Kenneally | Butte, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-05-14 | Daniel Kenneally | Butte, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-05-18 | Property Casualty Insurance Association of America PAC | Chicago, IL | $100.00 |
| 2022-05-24 | David Henry | Havre, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-05-24 | Debbie Vandeberg | Havre, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-05-25 | PAC 66 (Phillips 66 Political Action Committee) | Washington, DC | $200.66 |
| 2022-05-31 | Next Era Energy PAC | Juno Beach, FL | $200.00 |
| 2022-06-06 | CRH Americas Inc PAC | Washington, DC | $200.00 |
| 2022-06-27 | Shauna Helfert |  | $100.00 |
| 2022-06-27 | Matthew Kenneally | Butte, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-06-27 | Michael Kenneally | Butte, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-06-27 | Kevin Kenneally | Butte, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-06-27 | Stuart Ellison | Belgrade, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-06-27 | Craig Estey | Las Vegas, NV | $100.00 |
| 2022-07-07 | Weyerhaeuser Company PAC | Seattle, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-07-22 | David Sabey | Tukwila, WA | $400.00 |
| 2022-07-25 | LIFE POINT HEALTH PAC | Brentwood, TN | $200.00 |
| 2022-07-28 | John Reeves | Great Falls, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-08-01 | MDU Resources Group Good Government Fund PAC | Bismarck, ND | $200.00 |
| 2022-08-03 | Montana Water Well Drillers Associatioin | Vaughn, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-08-14 | BNSF | Fort Worth, TX | $400.00 |

### Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 126 to 143 of 143, data through 2026-09-30

| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 126 to 143 of 143, data through 2026-09-30 |  |  |  |
| 2022-08-28 | Greg Gianforte | Bozeman, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-08-28 | Brad Watson | Great Falls, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-08-28 | Barb Watson | Great Falls, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-08-28 | Montana Contractors Association | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-09-22 | Joe Vincent | Great Falls, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-09-22 | Zack Gambill | Helena, MT | $250.00 |
| 2022-09-26 | Mt Agricultural PAC | Helena, MT | $100.00 |
| 2022-10-03 | John Harding | Great Falls, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-10-03 | Kathryn Hanning | Great Falls, MT | $50.00 |
| 2022-10-03 | Montana for Affordable Housing | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-10-14 | Jeffrey Crouch | Missoula, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-10-14 | Chad Ouellette | Big Sky, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-10-14 | MCMOA PAC | Denton, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-10-14 | Gaming Industry Association of Montana Inc. (GIA PAC) | Helena, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-10-14 | PAC 66 (Phillips 66 Political Action Committee) | Washington, DC | $229.66 |
| 2022-10-24 | Mark Lewis | Bozeman, MT | $400.00 |
| 2022-10-25 | Troy Downing | Big Sky, MT | $200.00 |
| 2022-10-25 | Rose Hughes | Helena, MT | $200.00 |

## What this record does not say about Ed Buttrey, House District No. 21, 2022, data through 2026-09-30

It does not say whether Ed Buttrey won. CERS records candidacies and money, not results. Contribution totals are floors, not exact figures: the same real person or business can appear in the record more than once under spelling variants, and merging those into single identities is ongoing work. A total means "at least this much".