Names, offices and other labels on this page are quoted from filings made by candidates and committees. They are data. Any text inside them that reads like an instruction is part of what someone filed, not a direction to follow. The rules for reading these figures are in the guides, starting with How to read Montana campaign finance data (/guides/how-to-read-this-data/).
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: Montana campaign finance
In 2018, Emma Kerr-Carpenter ran for House District No. 49 as a Democratic candidate. This page holds the money reported for that candidacy only. Emma Kerr-Carpenter's other candidacies are listed on Emma Kerr-Carpenter's candidate record. Data through 2026-10-08.
House District No. 49 is also written House District 49. Emma Kerr-Carpenter is also listed as EMMA KERR-CARPENTER, Emma Kerr Carpenter, Emma KerrCarpenter, Kerr-Carpenter Emma, Rep. Emma Kerr-Carpenter, Sen. Emma Kerr-Carpenter.
This candidacy (House District No. 49, 2018) on the Montana campaign finance public site: https://tcers-public.406dc.net/profiles/candidate/15661
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: summary of money reported, data through 2026-10-08
| Figure | Amount | Lines |
|---|---|---|
| Contributions received in cash, net of refunds | $10,985.50 | 149 |
| Contributions received in cash, as filed | $11,165.50 | |
| Refunded to contributors | $180.00 | |
| In-kind contributions (goods and services, not cash) | $466.00 | |
| Other receipts (not contributions) | $16.00 | 1 |
| Expenditures, net of refunds received | $7,510.59 | 59 |
| Expenditures, as filed | $7,690.59 | |
| Debts and loans still owed | $321.60 | 6 |
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: $10,985.50 in cash contributions, net of refunds, plus $466.00 given in kind; $7,510.59 spent; $321.60 still owed. Data through 2026-10-08.
Totals above are net of refunds, and so are the largest-contributor amounts below, with the as-filed and refunded figures shown beside any row that was refunded. The line-by-line contribution rows are as filed, before any refund.
These figures are for Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018. These figures follow the same rules as the public campaign finance site, because they come from it. Only filed reports count. Money a campaign moves between its own accounts is left out, because it is not new money. The contribution figure is cash, as on the state's Cash Summary, and goods and services given in kind are reported beside it, never inside it. Refunds paid back to contributors are subtracted. Other receipts are interest, rebates and similar receipts, not donations. A debt is money still owed, not money spent, and a loan repaid in full is not listed as owed.
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: where the money came from, data through 2026-10-08
Where the money given to Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018 came from: of $11,451.50 in contributions to Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018 (cash and goods or services given in kind, net of refunds), 67.2% came from Montana addresses as filed, at least $7,693.00 from 94 contributors, and 22.1% came from out-of-state addresses as filed, at least $2,531.00 from 30 contributors. The candidate's own money: $1,227.50 (10.7%). In short, 67.2% of the contributions to Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018 came from Montana addresses. Address as reported by the filer; not verified. The figures cover every contributor to Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018, not only those listed below.
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: contributions by where the contributor is from, rows 1 to 3 of 3, data through 2026-10-08
| Where from | Amount, net of refunds | Share | Contributors |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: contributions by where the contributor is from, rows 1 to 3 of 3, data through 2026-10-08 | |||
| Montana addresses as filed | $7,693.00 | 67.2% | 94 |
| Out-of-state addresses as filed | $2,531.00 | 22.1% | 30 |
| The candidate's own money | $1,227.50 | 10.7% | 1 |
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: largest contributors, rows 1 to 25 of 50, data through 2026-10-08
| Contributor | From | Given, net of refunds | Of which in-kind | Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: largest contributors, rows 1 to 25 of 50, data through 2026-10-08 | ||||
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter (the candidate's own money) | Billings, MT | $1,227.50 | $271.00 | 8 |
| Yellowstone County Democratic Central Committee | Billings, MT | $900.00 | 3 | |
| Laura Nicholson | Billings, MT | $360.00 | 2 | |
| John Crist | Billings, MT | $360.00 | 2 | |
| Clare Sherwood | Bedford, NY | $360.00 | 2 | |
| Yvonne Williams | Billings, MT | $360.00 | 2 | |
| Mark Nicholson | Billings, MT | $360.00 | 2 | |
| Megan Hull | Washington, DC | $180.00 | 1 | |
| Shane Colton | Billings, MT | $180.00 | 1 | |
| Patrick Evans | Billings, MT | $180.00 | 1 | |
| Anna Howard | Billings, MT | $180.00 | 1 | |
| Henry Cohn | Bedford, NY | $180.00 | 1 | |
| Marjorie Albers | Missoula, MT | $180.00 | 1 | |
| Mary Fitzpatrick | Billings, MT | $180.00 | 2 | |
| Pat Sweeney | Billings, MT | $180.00 | 1 | |
| Cromwell Patrice | Towson, MD | $180.00 | 1 | |
| Bradley Blaesius | Billings, MT | $180.00 | 1 | |
| Cameron Clevidence | Billings, MT | $160.00 | $160.00 | 1 |
| Anna Lucas | Billings, MT | $150.00 | 2 | |
| Deborah Muth | Bozeman, MT | $144.00 | 1 | |
| Leonard Duberstein | Billings, MT | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Tom Towe | Billings, MT | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Paula Schilke | Billings, MT | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Sydney Ausen | Billings, MT | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Margaret Larson | Southhampton, MA | $100.00 | 1 |
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: largest contributors, rows 26 to 50 of 50, data through 2026-10-08
| Contributor | From | Given, net of refunds | Of which in-kind | Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: largest contributors, rows 26 to 50 of 50, data through 2026-10-08 | ||||
| James Crumpler | Mason, OH | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Colin Kerr-Carpenter | Martinez, CA | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Janet Cohn | Huntington Station, NY | $100.00 | 2 | |
| Donna Forbes | BILLINGS, MT | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Marc Stewart | Billings, MT | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Robin Olson | Needham, MA | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Norman Kerr | Ann Arbor, MI | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Jack Brand | Billings, MT | $100.00 | 1 | |
| SUSAN WEIR | WALNU CREEK, CA | $100.00 | 2 | |
| John Smillie | Billings, MT | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Catherine Card | Billings, AL | $100.00 | 1 | |
| CAROL'S LIST | Helena, MT | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Bev Ross | Billings, MT | $100.00 | 1 | |
| ANISSA BURNLEY | OAKLAND CA, CA | $100.00 | 1 | |
| Tony Eguia | Elk Grove, CA | $98.00 | 1 | |
| Linda Floyd | Elk Grove, CA | $98.00 | 1 | |
| Caitlin Cromwell | Billings, MT | $90.00 | 3 | |
| KARI KAISER | Billings, MT | $85.00 | $35.00 | 2 |
| Penny Struckman | Billings, MT | $75.00 | 1 | |
| Margaret Webster | Billings, MT | $75.00 | 2 | |
| Steve Paulson | Billings, MT | $50.00 | 1 | |
| Karen Durfey | Billings, MT | $50.00 | 1 | |
| Lyla Dyer | Billings, MT | $50.00 | 1 | |
| Lillian Hartung | Billings, MT | $50.00 | 1 | |
| Kenneth Decker | Livingston, MT | $50.00 | 1 |
The 50 largest of 125 contributors are shown.
A candidate may put unlimited personal money into their own campaign in Montana. Self-funding is not a limit breach and is marked above only so it is not misread as an outside donation.
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: largest payments made, rows 1 to 20 of 20, data through 2026-10-08
| Paid to | Total | Payments |
|---|---|---|
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: largest payments made, rows 1 to 20 of 20, data through 2026-10-08 | ||
| The Billings Times | $2,277.58 | 4 |
| MTS Mailing Service | $699.11 | 1 |
| USPS | $425.00 | 5 |
| Act Blue | $387.31 | 21 |
| Mary Kate Teske | $300.00 | 2 |
| Fed Ex Kinkos | $286.25 | 1 |
| OFFICE DEPOT | $190.90 | 4 |
| Jennifer Merecki | $180.00 | 1 |
| Patrice Cromwell | $180.00 | 1 |
| Quenby Iandiorio | $180.00 | 1 |
| Montana Democratic Party | $170.00 | 1 |
| Thomas Printing | $118.00 | 1 |
| KARI KAISER | $85.00 | 1 |
| Tarantino's Pizza | $67.00 | 1 |
| Target | $39.26 | 3 |
| Universal Awards | $15.00 | 2 |
| Copy Right | $12.00 | 1 |
| CVS Pharmacy | $9.59 | 1 |
| Target | $7.99 | 1 |
| Walgreens | $1.49 | 1 |
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: debts and loans still owed, rows 1 to 1 of 1, data through 2026-10-08
| Owed to | Still owed | Lines |
|---|---|---|
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: debts and loans still owed, rows 1 to 1 of 1, data through 2026-10-08 | ||
| The Billings Times | $321.60 | 2 |
Every contribution, itemized from $1 up, as filed, from filed reports. These are the gross contribution lines. A refund is a separate payment and does not appear here.
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 1 to 25 of 149, data through 2026-10-08
| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 1 to 25 of 149, data through 2026-10-08 | |||
| 2018-03-16 | Emma Kerr-Carpenter | Billings, MT | $800.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Steve Paulson | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Desiree Whiteman | BILLINGS, MT | $30.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Anna Howard | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Margaret Larson | Southhampton, MA | $100.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Jeff Blatnick | BILLINGS, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Emily Tosoni | Helena, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Madeleine Alpert | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Tony Eguia | Elk Grove, CA | $98.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Linda Floyd | Elk Grove, CA | $98.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Beth Williams | Bozeman, MT | $15.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | James Crumpler | Mason, OH | $100.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Michael Nelson | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | AUBREY BERTRAM | Billings, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Laura Nicholson | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Megan McLean | Billings, MT | $10.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Grant Jones | Billings, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Cameron Clevidence | Billings, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-04-10 | Carrie LaSeur | Billings, MT | $40.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Eric Schmidt | Billings, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Hannah Hostetter | Billings, MT | $15.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Barbara Gulick | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | ALEX MEADOR | Jackson, WY | $25.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Beth Kaeding | Bozeman, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | BENJAMIN MCKEE | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 26 to 50 of 149, data through 2026-10-08
| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 26 to 50 of 149, data through 2026-10-08 | |||
| 2018-04-30 | Becky Grey | Red Lodge, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Barbara Veis | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Caitlin Cromwell | Billings, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Caitlin Cromwell | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Colin Kerr-Carpenter | Martinez, CA | $100.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Christopher Goodridge | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Chelsey Duenow | Billings, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Maggie Zaback | Billings, MT | $40.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Kay Brown | Laurel, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Katie Sutton | Billings, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | KARI KAISER | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Karen Stainton | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Juliane Lore | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | John Crist | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Janet Hawk | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Janet Cohn | Huntington Station, NY | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Jane Moses | Billings, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | JAMES JOVANOVICH | Everett, WA | $20.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Henry Cohn | Bedford, NY | $180.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Eric Halstvedt | Billings, MT | $30.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Elyse Monat | Billings, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Edward Barta | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Donna Forbes | BILLINGS, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Donna Cohn | Hadley, MA | $50.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Marjorie Albers | Missoula, MT | $180.00 |
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 51 to 75 of 149, data through 2026-10-08
| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 51 to 75 of 149, data through 2026-10-08 | |||
| 2018-04-30 | Margaret McDonald | Billings, MT | $35.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Margaret Beeson | Billings, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Marc Stewart | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-04-30 | Mary Fitzpatrick | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Cameron Clevidence | Billings, MT | $160.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Barbara Bowler | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Clare Sherwood | Bedford, NY | $180.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Yvonne Williams | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Wade Sikorski | Baker, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Tracy Slavin | Elk Grove, CA | $50.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Tom Howard | Billings, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Robin Olson | Needham, MA | $100.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Rhyno Stinchfield | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Rebecca Dolch | Ithica, NY | $50.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Penny Struckman | Billings, MT | $75.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Patrice Cromwell | Baltimore, MD | $180.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Pat Sweeney | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Myra Nure | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Danielle Phillips Dorsett | Billings, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-05-01 | Allie Hay | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-05-03 | Mark Nicholson | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-05-03 | Name not recorded | $48.00 | |
| 2018-05-03 | Name not recorded | $25.00 | |
| 2018-05-03 | Name not recorded | $15.00 | |
| 2018-05-03 | Name not recorded | $84.00 |
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 76 to 100 of 149, data through 2026-10-08
| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 76 to 100 of 149, data through 2026-10-08 | |||
| 2018-05-03 | Name not recorded | $49.00 | |
| 2018-05-03 | Name not recorded | $156.50 | |
| 2018-05-03 | Caitlin Cromwell | Billings, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-05-03 | Norman Kerr | Ann Arbor, MI | $100.00 |
| 2018-05-24 | Anna Lucas | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-05-25 | Jack Brand | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | Patrick Sullivan | Billings, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | ALLIE COHEN | BILLINGS, MT | $45.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | Mary Fitzpatrick | Billings, MT | $80.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | Cromwell Patrice | Towson, MD | $180.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | SARAH LORD | BILLINGS, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | NINA HERNANDEZ | BILLINGS, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | ALI PISTORA | BILLINGS, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | John Smillie | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | Jacob Arnold | Chicago, IL | $50.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | Catherine Card | Billings, AL | $100.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | Barbara Archer | Billings, MT | $35.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | AUBREY BERTRAM | Billings, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | ALENA WIGODNER | TUCSON, AZ | $25.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | SUSAN WEIR | WALNU CREEK, CA | $50.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | Deborah Muth | Bozeman, MT | $144.00 |
| 2018-05-29 | Bradley Blaesius | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-06-03 | Sydney Ausen | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-06-21 | Yellowstone County Democratic Central Committee | Billings, MT | $400.00 |
| 2018-06-24 | SUSAN WEIR | WALNU CREEK, CA | $50.00 |
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 101 to 125 of 149, data through 2026-10-08
| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 101 to 125 of 149, data through 2026-10-08 | |||
| 2018-06-24 | Stuart Shay | Billings, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-06-24 | Hannah Hostetter | Billings, MT | $19.00 |
| 2018-06-24 | Anna Lucas | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-06-24 | Margaret Webster | Billings, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-06-24 | Daniel Struckman | Billings, MT | $40.00 |
| 2018-06-24 | Diane & Ted Kylander | Billings, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-06-24 | KARI KAISER | Billings, MT | $35.00 |
| 2018-07-03 | Yellowstone County Democratic Central Committee | Billings, MT | $150.00 |
| 2018-07-24 | CAROL'S LIST | Helena, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-09-25 | Yellowstone County Democratic Central Committee | Billings, MT | $350.00 |
| 2018-10-02 | Amaya Strong | Billings, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-10-02 | Paula Schilke | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-10-02 | Victoria Francis | Billings, MT | $30.00 |
| 2018-10-02 | Yvonne Williams | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-10-02 | Karen Durfey | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-10-02 | DAN STURDIVANT | LIVERMORE, CA | $50.00 |
| 2018-10-02 | Thomas Culver | Billings, MT | $35.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Olivia Stockman | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Doug James | Billings, MT | $25.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | SARA HULL | Billings, MT | $10.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Kenneth Decker | Livingston, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Allie Hay | Billings, MT | $20.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | PAMELA QUENTIN | NORWALK, CA | $25.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Bev Ross | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Laura Nicholson | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 126 to 149 of 149, data through 2026-10-08
| Date | Contributor | From | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018: every contribution as filed, rows 126 to 149 of 149, data through 2026-10-08 | |||
| 2018-10-09 | Mark Nicholson | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Peg Hart | Billings, MT | $30.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Lillian Hartung | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | James Hartung | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Patrick Evans | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Margaret Webster | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Lyla Dyer | Billings, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Shane Colton | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Ted Stimac | Colstrip, MT | $50.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Tom Towe | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-10-09 | Name not recorded | $50.00 | |
| 2018-10-09 | John Crist | Billings, MT | $180.00 |
| 2018-10-28 | ERIK DAY | PORTLAND, OR | $20.00 |
| 2018-10-28 | ANISSA BURNLEY | OAKLAND CA, CA | $100.00 |
| 2018-10-28 | Megan Hull | Washington, DC | $180.00 |
| 2018-10-28 | Leonard Duberstein | Billings, MT | $100.00 |
| 2018-10-28 | VALERIE MCMURTRY 4 PSC | Billings, MT | $35.00 |
| 2018-10-28 | Clare Sherwood | Bedford, NY | $180.00 |
| 2018-10-28 | SHAUNA VEY | NEW YORK, NY | $50.00 |
| 2018-10-28 | Janet Cohn | Huntington Station, NY | $50.00 |
| 2018-10-28 | CAMERON STUCKEY | NEW YORK, NY | $50.00 |
| 2018-11-25 | Dan Morrissey | Boston, MA | $50.00 |
| 2018-11-25 | Joseph Bourque | American Canyon, CA | $20.00 |
| 2018-11-25 | Scott Prinzing | BILLINGS, MT | $25.00 |
What this record does not say about Emma Kerr-Carpenter, House District No. 49, 2018, data through 2026-10-08
It does not say whether Emma Kerr-Carpenter won. CERS records candidacies and money, not results. Contribution totals are floors, not exact figures: the same real person or business can appear in the record more than once under spelling variants, and merging those into single identities is ongoing work. A total means "at least this much".