James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: Montana campaign finance

In 2022, James Reavis ran for House District No. 50 as a Democratic candidate. This page holds the money reported for that candidacy only. James Reavis's other candidacies are listed on James Reavis's candidate record. Data through 2026-09-30.

This candidacy (House District No. 50, 2022) on the Montana campaign finance public site: https://tcers-public.406dc.net/profiles/candidate/18218

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: summary of money reported, data through 2026-09-30

Figure Amount Lines
Contributions received in cash, net of refunds $29,469.78 210
Contributions received in cash, as filed $29,514.73
Refunded to contributors $44.95
Other receipts (not contributions) $2,992.57 2
Expenditures, net of refunds received $32,462.35 105
Expenditures, as filed $32,507.30
Debts and loans still owed $0.00 0

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: $29,469.78 in cash contributions, net of refunds; $32,462.35 spent; $0.00 still owed. Data through 2026-09-30.

Totals above are net of refunds, and so are the largest-contributor amounts below, with the as-filed and refunded figures shown beside any row that was refunded. The line-by-line contribution rows are as filed, before any refund.

These figures are for James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022. These figures follow the same rules as the public campaign finance site, because they come from it. Only filed reports count. Money a campaign moves between its own accounts is left out, because it is not new money. The contribution figure is cash, as on the state's Cash Summary, and goods and services given in kind are reported beside it, never inside it. Refunds paid back to contributors are subtracted. Other receipts are interest, rebates and similar receipts, not donations. A debt is money still owed, not money spent, and a loan repaid in full is not listed as owed.

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: where the money came from, data through 2026-09-30

Contributions to James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022 from Montana addresses as filed: at least $18,785.71 (140 contributors). From out-of-state addresses as filed: at least $10,284.07 (39 contributors). The candidate's own money: $400.00. Address as reported by the filer; not verified. Amounts are net of refunds and cover every contributor, not only those listed below.

Where from Amount, net of refunds Contributors
Montana addresses as filed $18,785.71 140
Out-of-state addresses as filed $10,284.07 39
The candidate's own money $400.00 1

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: largest contributors, rows 1 to 25 of 50, data through 2026-09-30

Contributor From Given, net of refunds Refunded Contributions
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: largest contributors, rows 1 to 25 of 50, data through 2026-09-30
Yellowstone County Democratic Central Committee Billings, MT $1,000.00 2
Mark Hurwitz Chilmark, ME $800.00 2
Michael Hurwitz Philadelphia, PA $800.00 2
Jason Hiller Los Angeles, CA $800.00 2
Maesa Pullman Los Angeles, CA $800.00 2
William Pullman Los Angeles, CA $800.00 2
Katie Mazurek Bozeman, MT $800.00 8
Juli Pierce Billings, MT $600.00 2
Leslie Donnelly Cardwell, MT $600.00 3
Clayton Rockefeller Providence, RI $400.00 $44.95 1
Tamara Pullman Hollywood, CA $400.00 1
Gene Jarussi Billings, MT $400.00 1
Karen Jarussi Billings, MT $400.00 1
Mary Riser Covesville, VA $400.00 1
John Pullman Cardwell, MT $400.00 1
Susan Pullman Cardwell, MT $400.00 1
Amy Reavis Albany, CA $400.00 1
Kate Kuykendall Missoula, MT $400.00 2
Stephanie DeBoer Missoula, MT $400.00 1
Tamera Pullman Los Angeles, CA $400.00 1
Raphael Graybill Helena, MT $400.00 1
JESSICA PUGRUD Billings, MT $400.00 1
Colin Pullman Billings, MT $400.00 1
Dan Miller Deer Lodge, AL $400.00 1
Sherry Staedler Butte, MT $400.00 1

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: largest contributors, rows 26 to 50 of 50, data through 2026-09-30

Contributor From Given, net of refunds Refunded Contributions
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: largest contributors, rows 26 to 50 of 50, data through 2026-09-30
Catherine Walker Lewiston, ID $400.00 1
Treasure State PAC Missoula, MT $400.00 1
BROTHERHOOD OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS AND TRAINMEN PAC FUND Independence, OH $400.00 1
Alexis Bonogofsky Billings, MT $400.00 1
Debra Bonogofsky Billings, MT $400.00 1
Miranda Kaiser New York, NY $400.00 1
Margaret Dulany New York, NY $400.00 1
Peter Case Providence, RI $400.00 1
James Reavis (the candidate's own money) $400.00 1
Joshua Bradshaw Billings, MT $300.00 1
Deborah Traver Bremerton, WA $250.00 1
Kathy Kelker Billings, MT $250.00 2
Haley Jackson Bozeman, MT $200.00 1
Carolyn Gibadlo Missoula, MT $200.00 1
Gregory Hood Missoula, MT $200.00 1
Jennifer Kaleczyc Helena, MT $200.00 1
Gem Mercer Missoula, MT $200.00 1
JENNIFER HURLEY Missoula, MT $200.00 1
Henry Duhame Butte, MT $200.00 1
Keif Storrar Helena, MT $200.00 1
AMANDA GORDON Lakeside, MT $200.00 1
CONAN WALKER Butte, MT $200.00 1
Mark and Carole Mackin Helena, MT $200.00 1
Sandi Luckey East Helena, MT $200.00 1
Kristina Neal Helena, MT $200.00 1

The 50 largest of 180 contributors are shown.

Where a campaign refunded part of a contribution, the refund is subtracted: "Given, net of refunds" is what the contributor gave minus what was paid back, and "Refunded" is the amount paid back. The filing itself shows the gross contribution. A refund is matched to a contributor by identity, because the record does not link a refund to the contribution it returns, so a refund under an unmerged spelling stays unmatched and that contributor's figure stays gross.

A candidate may put unlimited personal money into their own campaign in Montana. Self-funding is not a limit breach and is marked above only so it is not misread as an outside donation.

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: largest payments made, rows 1 to 25 of 44, data through 2026-09-30

Paid to Total Payments
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: largest payments made, rows 1 to 25 of 44, data through 2026-09-30
Mailing Technical Services $5,282.39 8
The Billings Times $3,865.33 5
Facebook.com $3,445.00 12
The Billings Times $3,282.54 3
Strange Sister Creative $2,920.00 3
Cari Olson $2,597.50 3
Act Blue $1,756.61 12
MONTANA DEMOCRATIC LEGISLATIVE CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE NON FEDERAL $1,500.00 2
Townsquare Media $1,296.00 1
USPS $828.00 6
Yellowstone County Democratic Central Committee $625.00 2
Desert Mountain Broadcasting $612.00 1
Market Deli & Catering $600.00 1
Montana Justice Foundation $506.73 1
Lee Enterprises $479.00 1
Monica Nicole Photography $400.00 1
Squarespace $388.00 3
Art House Cinema $300.00 1
Carole Boerner for HD 51 $250.00 1
Jake's Downtown $213.00 3
JENNA MARTIN PHOTOGRAPHY $200.00 1
The Billings Times $158.00 1
Phillips 66 $150.07 4
Little Caesar's $100.51 4
Target $76.17 5

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: largest payments made, rows 26 to 44 of 44, data through 2026-09-30

Paid to Total Payments
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: largest payments made, rows 26 to 44 of 44, data through 2026-09-30
Town Pump $58.60 1
My Name Badges $50.79 1
Yellowstone County Elections Office $50.00 2
Hokkaido Ramen $50.00 1
Allegra $50.00 1
Topz LLC $49.75 1
Clayton Rockefeller $44.95 1
The Burger Dive $44.00 1
The Athenian $40.00 1
Sassy Biscuit $32.10 1
Panera Bread $31.06 1
Montana Brewing Co. $30.00 1
Western Security Bank $29.97 1
Lowe's $27.26 1
Montana Democratic Party $25.00 1
Blue Sky $23.99 1
Secretary of State $15.00 1
Mazevo Coffee $13.00 1
Conoco $9.98 1

Every contribution, itemized from $1 up, as filed, from filed reports. These are the gross contribution lines. A refund is a separate payment and does not appear here.

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 1 to 25 of 210, data through 2026-09-30

Date Contributor From Amount
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 1 to 25 of 210, data through 2026-09-30
2022-02-03 John Heenan Billings, MT $100.00
2022-02-03 Nicole Von Gaza Silverton, CO $50.00
2022-02-07 Alexander Pyle Helena, MT $75.00
2022-02-07 Corrie Williamson Lewiston, MT $25.00
2022-02-08 AMANDA GORDON Lakeside, MT $200.00
2022-02-08 Abigail Brown Helena, MT $50.00
2022-02-09 Katie Mazurek Bozeman, MT $100.00
2022-02-10 Ashley Morigeau Polson, MT $50.00
2022-02-12 Haley Jackson Bozeman, MT $200.00
2022-02-15 DEIRDRE CAUGHLAN Butte, MT $25.00
2022-02-23 Jonathan Karlen Missoula, MT $50.00
2022-02-24 Kate Kuykendall Missoula, MT $200.00
2022-02-24 Stephanie DeBoer Missoula, MT $400.00
2022-02-25 Jorge Quintana Silver Spring, MT $50.00
2022-02-26 Darcy Critchfield Billings, MT $50.00
2022-03-03 Carolyn Gibadlo Missoula, MT $200.00
2022-03-03 Gregory Hood Missoula, MT $200.00
2022-03-03 Keif Storrar Helena, MT $200.00
2022-03-03 Charles Cromwell Bozeman, MT $50.00
2022-03-03 Mary Ann Dunwell Helena, MT $50.00
2022-03-03 Ryan Heuwinkel Missoula, MT $5.00
2022-03-03 Katherine Stack Missoula, MT $100.00
2022-03-04 Nick Domitrovich Clancy, MT $50.00
2022-03-04 Raphael Graybill Helena, MT $400.00
2022-03-04 Henry Duhame Butte, MT $200.00

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 26 to 50 of 210, data through 2026-09-30

Date Contributor From Amount
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 26 to 50 of 210, data through 2026-09-30
2022-03-05 Qasim Abdul-Baki Helena, MT $25.00
2022-03-07 Mark Hurwitz Chilmark, ME $400.00
2022-03-07 Michael Hurwitz Philadelphia, PA $400.00
2022-03-07 Jason Hiller Los Angeles, CA $400.00
2022-03-07 Maesa Pullman Los Angeles, CA $400.00
2022-03-07 William Pullman Los Angeles, CA $400.00
2022-03-07 Tamera Pullman Los Angeles, CA $400.00
2022-03-07 Jodi Gollehon Sherwood, OR $100.00
2022-03-07 Nicholas Hyde Los Angeles, CA $100.00
2022-03-07 JENNIFER HURLEY Missoula, MT $200.00
2022-03-07 Hilton Tamber Washington, DC $25.00
2022-03-08 Katie Guffin Missoula, MT $100.00
2022-03-09 Gem Mercer Missoula, MT $200.00
2022-03-09 Katie Mazurek Bozeman, MT $100.00
2022-03-10 Jeavon Lang Helena, MT $50.00
2022-03-13 Wendy Holton Helena, MT $100.00
2022-03-14 Holly Kaleczyc Helena, MT $50.00
2022-03-14 Jack Pullman Los Angeles, CA $50.00
2022-03-14 Jennifer Kaleczyc Helena, MT $200.00
2022-03-14 Kathryn Hutchison Helena, MT $50.00
2022-03-14 Eric Brewer Bozeman, MT $25.00
2022-03-14 Elena Jaffer Seattle, WA $40.00
2022-03-17 Derf Johnson Helena, MT $50.00
2022-03-19 Tammy Hinderman Helena, MT $100.00
2022-03-22 CONAN WALKER Butte, MT $200.00

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 51 to 75 of 210, data through 2026-09-30

Date Contributor From Amount
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 51 to 75 of 210, data through 2026-09-30
2022-03-24 Lindsey Jubain Columbia Falls, MT $50.00
2022-03-25 Kevin Hamm East Helena, MT $25.00
2022-03-25 CHRIS KNOBEL Boise, ID $100.00
2022-03-26 Sandi Luckey East Helena, MT $200.00
2022-03-26 MOFFIE FUNK Helena, MT $50.00
2022-03-28 Hank Degroat Butte, MT $100.00
2022-03-29 Haley McKnight Helena, MT $50.00
2022-03-29 Jane Knobel Kuna, ID $75.00
2022-03-30 Mark and Carole Mackin Helena, MT $200.00
2022-03-30 James Corson Billings, MT $50.00
2022-03-31 JESSICA PUGRUD Billings, MT $400.00
2022-03-31 Holly Kincaid Great Falls, MT $25.00
2022-04-01 Dave Herbert Billings, MT $50.00
2022-04-05 Shane Morigeau Missoula, MT $50.00
2022-04-07 Ruth Lott Cardwell, MT $100.00
2022-04-07 Aaron Minnick Portland, OR $50.00
2022-04-07 Moses Okeyo Missoula, MT $100.00
2022-04-08 Juli Pierce Billings, MT $400.00
2022-04-08 Amanda Myers Arlington, VA $200.00
2022-04-09 Kristina Neal Helena, MT $200.00
2022-04-09 Katie Mazurek Bozeman, MT $100.00
2022-04-11 Kristen Balko Altus, OK $50.00
2022-04-12 Robert Olsen Helena, MT $50.00
2022-04-12 Carly Deshazer Kalispell, MT $25.00
2022-04-12 Joshua Neeley St. Louis, MO $50.00

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 76 to 100 of 210, data through 2026-09-30

Date Contributor From Amount
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 76 to 100 of 210, data through 2026-09-30
2022-04-12 Demitri Plessas Kenmore, WA $150.00
2022-04-12 Breeann Johnson Bozeman, MT $50.00
2022-04-12 Leslie Donnelly Cardwell, MT $200.00
2022-04-13 John Reavis Butte, MT $50.00
2022-04-13 Colin Pullman Billings, MT $400.00
2022-04-14 Lammers Kiely Billings, MT $50.00
2022-04-15 James Reintsma Helena, MT $50.00
2022-04-15 Dan Miller Deer Lodge, AL $400.00
2022-04-16 Doug James Billings, MT $50.00
2022-04-19 Elizabeth Halverson Billings, MT $75.00
2022-04-19 Diane Bianchi Billings, MT $25.00
2022-04-20 PAUL NICOL Helena, MT $50.00
2022-04-22 JERI STEPHENS Missoula, MT $100.00
2022-04-22 Ben Halverson Billings, MT $100.00
2022-04-23 Michael Marchesini Helena, MT $40.00
2022-04-23 MICHELLE SCHUTTEN Rock Springs, WY $100.00
2022-04-28 Sherry Staedler Butte, MT $400.00
2022-04-29 Jennifer McCandless Laurel, MT $100.00
2022-05-01 Lindsey Jo Ratliff Havre, MT $20.00
2022-05-02 Melissa Hayes Missoula, MT $40.00
2022-05-04 Leslie Donnelly Cardwell, MT $200.00
2022-05-05 Jen Gross Billings, MT $75.00
2022-05-09 Katie Mazurek Bozeman, MT $100.00
2022-05-10 Melanie Rimel Billings, MT $100.00
2022-05-10 Elizabeth Liggett Billings, MT $100.00

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 101 to 125 of 210, data through 2026-09-30

Date Contributor From Amount
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 101 to 125 of 210, data through 2026-09-30
2022-05-10 James Corson Billings, MT $30.00
2022-05-10 Kathy Rumph Billings, MT $100.00
2022-05-14 Chad Wright Helena, MT $200.00
2022-05-19 Wade Zolynski Boston, MA $100.00
2022-05-27 Bradley Finn Billings, MT $150.00
2022-06-01 Deborah Traver Bremerton, WA $250.00
2022-06-09 Amy Reavis Albany, CA $400.00
2022-06-12 John Pullman Cardwell, MT $400.00
2022-06-12 Susan Pullman Cardwell, MT $400.00
2022-06-13 Gail Waldby Livingston, MT $100.00
2022-06-17 Name not recorded $400.00
2022-06-19 Peter Habein Billings, MT $50.00
2022-06-24 Mary Riser Covesville, VA $400.00
2022-06-26 Ashley Allinson Billings, MT $200.00
2022-06-29 Jonathan Karlen Missoula, MT $100.00
2022-06-29 Jill Houk Billings, MT $200.00
2022-07-04 SCOT NINNEMANN Billings, MT $100.00
2022-07-07 Catherine Walker Lewiston, ID $400.00
2022-07-09 Jennifer Kaleczyc Helena, MT $100.00
2022-07-09 Katie Mazurek Bozeman, MT $100.00
2022-07-13 Sally Weaver Missoula, MT $200.00
2022-07-13 Ashley Morigeau Polson, MT $100.00
2022-07-13 Kate Kuykendall Missoula, MT $200.00
2022-07-14 Kim Abbott Helena, MT $50.00
2022-07-16 Robyn Driscoll Billings, MT $50.00

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 126 to 150 of 210, data through 2026-09-30

Date Contributor From Amount
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 126 to 150 of 210, data through 2026-09-30
2022-07-18 Darryl Gehring Billings, MT $12.50
2022-07-20 TRENT TAYLOR Billings, MT $35.00
2022-07-20 Rebecca Wiehe Billings, MT $12.50
2022-07-20 Carmelita Dominguez Billings, MT $12.50
2022-07-20 Yellowstone County Democratic Central Committee Billings, MT $500.00
2022-07-21 Gene Jarussi Billings, MT $400.00
2022-07-21 Karen Jarussi Billings, MT $400.00
2022-07-21 Judith Senteney Billings, MT $12.50
2022-07-21 Burt Williams Fishtail, MT $6.25
2022-07-25 Addison Sessions Billings, MT $31.25
2022-07-26 David Darby Billings, MT $6.25
2022-07-27 Tammy Ravas Missoula, MT $10.00
2022-07-27 Diane Bianchi Billings, MT $25.00
2022-07-27 Kris Spanjan Billings, MT $12.50
2022-07-28 Sherry McLauchlan Missoula, MT $25.00
2022-07-28 Joshua Bradshaw Billings, MT $300.00
2022-08-07 Addison Sessions Billings, MT $100.00
2022-08-07 Mark Hurwitz Chilmark, ME $400.00
2022-08-07 Michael Hurwitz Philadelphia, PA $400.00
2022-08-07 Jason Hiller Los Angeles, CA $400.00
2022-08-07 Maesa Pullman Los Angeles, CA $400.00
2022-08-07 William Pullman Los Angeles, CA $400.00
2022-08-07 Tamara Pullman Hollywood, CA $400.00
2022-08-09 Katie Mazurek Bozeman, MT $100.00
2022-08-11 Judy May Billings, MT $25.00

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 151 to 175 of 210, data through 2026-09-30

Date Contributor From Amount
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 151 to 175 of 210, data through 2026-09-30
2022-08-12 Juli Pierce Billings, MT $200.00
2022-08-13 Rebecca Riedl Billings, MT $100.00
2022-08-13 Kristen Balko Altus, OK $25.00
2022-08-13 Leslie Donnelly Cardwell, MT $200.00
2022-08-13 Jim Bertin Colstrip, MT $3.23
2022-08-13 Shannon Moyle Butte, MT $50.00
2022-08-15 Tom Towe Billings, MT $100.00
2022-08-20 TRENT TAYLOR Billings, MT $35.00
2022-08-20 LANCE LUNDVALL Billings, MT $200.00
2022-08-20 Dianna Linder Billings, MT $100.00
2022-08-21 Kiely Lammers Billings, MT $31.25
2022-08-26 Kathy Kelker Billings, MT $150.00
2022-08-26 Carol Bokum Billings, MT $100.00
2022-08-26 Treasure State PAC Missoula, MT $400.00
2022-08-27 NANCY O'BRIEN Billings, MT $50.00
2022-08-28 DALE WILLIAMS Billings, MT $25.00
2022-09-01 Sam Hines Missoula, MT $100.00
2022-09-01 Burt Williams Fishtail, MT $31.25
2022-09-02 Jim Hughes Billings, MT $50.00
2022-09-08 Alexis Bonogofsky Billings, MT $400.00
2022-09-08 Debra Bonogofsky Billings, MT $400.00
2022-09-09 Katie Mazurek Bozeman, MT $100.00
2022-09-14 Constance Van Kley Missoula, MT $50.00
2022-09-15 BROTHERHOOD OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS AND TRAINMEN PAC FUND Independence, OH $400.00
2022-09-15 HEALTH CARE SERVICE CORPORATION EMPLOYEES' PAC Chicago, IL $180.00

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 176 to 200 of 210, data through 2026-09-30

Date Contributor From Amount
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 176 to 200 of 210, data through 2026-09-30
2022-09-17 SCOT NINNEMANN Billings, MT $50.00
2022-09-21 TRENT TAYLOR Billings, MT $35.00
2022-09-24 Brent Cromley Billings, MT $100.00
2022-09-25 Yellowstone County Democratic Central Committee Billings, MT $500.00
2022-09-25 BHASKAR DASGUPTA Chicago, IL $4.00
2022-09-27 Janice Erfle Billings, MT $3.37
2022-09-28 Bonnie Kirwin Billings, MT $50.00
2022-09-29 Kim Mannix Butte, MT $200.00
2022-09-30 Loween Peterson Billings, MT $50.00
2022-10-05 Qasim Abdul-Baki Helena, MT $50.00
2022-10-06 BRETT SCHANDELSON Missoula, MT $100.00
2022-10-07 Charles Tooley Billings, MT $12.50
2022-10-07 Rose Cote Billings, MT $10.00
2022-10-07 Clayton Rockefeller Providence, RI $444.95
2022-10-08 Kristeen Keup Billings, MT $50.00
2022-10-08 Ben Halverson Billings, MT $100.00
2022-10-09 Katie Mazurek Bozeman, MT $100.00
2022-10-12 JESSE MULLEN Deer Lodge, MT $50.00
2022-10-12 Derek Harvey Butte, MT $50.00
2022-10-13 Kathy Kelker Billings, MT $100.00
2022-10-13 Judith Burnam Billings, MT $31.25
2022-10-14 Sheila Hogan Helena, MT $50.00
2022-10-14 Ione Young Billings, MT $20.00
2022-10-17 William Murray Great Falls, MT $1.61
2022-10-18 Margaret Dulany New York, NY $400.00

James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 201 to 210 of 210, data through 2026-09-30

Date Contributor From Amount
James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022: every contribution as filed, rows 201 to 210 of 210, data through 2026-09-30
2022-10-18 Peter Case Providence, RI $400.00
2022-10-18 Miranda Kaiser New York, NY $400.00
2022-10-19 Lance Eck Billings, MT $25.00
2022-10-21 Steve Corrick Houston, TX $1.00
2022-10-22 Steven Axelrod South Pasadena, CA $1.00
2022-10-24 JANET ELLIS Helena, MT $200.00
2022-10-26 Christopher Bellamy Redondo Beach, CA $1.00
2022-10-27 Megan Hull Washington, DC $180.00
2022-11-02 LORI BATTISTA East Meadow, NY $2.07
2022-11-20 TRENT TAYLOR Billings, MT $35.00

What this record does not say about James Reavis, House District No. 50, 2022, data through 2026-09-30

It does not say whether James Reavis won. CERS records candidacies and money, not results. Contribution totals are floors, not exact figures: the same real person or business can appear in the record more than once under spelling variants, and merging those into single identities is ongoing work. A total means "at least this much".